[read] Support Java calendar query authorization masks

[JingsongLi]

Purpose

Fill an existing PyPaimon Native gap: REST query authorization column masks using YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND, QUARTER, DAY_OF_YEAR, WEEKDAY, ISO_DAY_OF_WEEK, DAY_OF_WEEK, WEEK and YEAR_OF_WEEK.

PyPaimon already evaluates these masks in Python. Rust currently rejects the calendar transforms, preventing the same existing reads from using Native.

Brief change log

• Add a calendar Transform and DatePart in Rust core; parse the Java REST names and collect their field dependencies.
• Validate stored and rebound DATE / TIMESTAMP families as Java DateExtractTransform does. Reject LTZ, non-calendar types, malformed spellings, invalid precision and atomic object types.
• Evaluate the 13 parts on Arrow DATE32 and timestamp(s, ms, us, ns) arrays as INT32 with NULL propagation. Use proleptic Gregorian arithmetic and ISO week boundaries; preserve Java Timestamp.toLocalDateTime's narrowing to a signed int epoch day, including large and negative timestamps.
• Integrate with the existing query authorization mask execution, output type checks, actual source nullability and cross-mask dependency rejection. No additional Python binding API is needed.

Tests

• 146 actual Java-generated calendar vectors, each checked for all 13 parts plus NULL; DATE32 / timestamp extrema, BCE, leap days, ISO years, negative fractions and ordinary Arrow fast-path boundaries.
• Predicate tests: 109 passed; authorization unit tests: 41 passed; date extraction test filter: 3 passed; REST query authorization integration tests: 37 passed.
• REST integration exercises append, primary-key and data-evolution tables, hidden DATE / TIMESTAMP operands, masked user predicates and LIMIT.
• Rebuilt the Python binding locally; companion Python tests passed for strict Native reads and safe Python fallback.
• cargo +1.98.0 clippy --locked --all-targets --workspace --features fulltext,vortex -- -D warnings and cargo fmt --all -- --check passed.

API and Format

Extends the existing Transform API with DateExtract and DatePart. No storage format or Python binding API changes. This change supports column masks; transformed REST row-filter predicates remain outside its scope.

Documentation

The new enum documents calendar numbering and ISO week semantics. The companion Python PR remains draft until this implementation reaches Rust main; its Native CI keeps building Rust main.

Companion PyPaimon PR: apache/paimon#10545.

[leaves12138]

Reviewed the complete change at 1622761. Rust calendar extraction, QueryAuth regression, REST integration, and Python native calendar validation passed; no correctness issues found.