Turn Julia passes into closures

[vchuravy]

I was thinking about current_job and if we could replace it,
and I think if we turn our passes into manual closures then we could pass it in, instead of relying on a global variable.

[maleadt]

Oh, that's cute! And would have avoided bugs like the one fixed in #855.
I've made Claude apply it to the other passes.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 93.40659% with 6 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 79.78%. Comparing base (03ae9a5) to head (ecf6fee).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/driver.jl	83.33%	3 Missing ⚠️
src/optim.jl	93.61%	3 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #864      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   80.12%   79.78%   -0.34%     
==========================================
  Files          25       25              
  Lines        4775     4760      -15     
==========================================
- Hits         3826     3798      -28     
- Misses        949      962      +13     

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[maleadt]

Nightly failure unrelated.