Effect Schema Runtime Performance

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Method

All results are median microseconds per operation (µs/op); lower is better
and the fastest value is bold.

Library	Version	API and mode
Effect	4.0.0-beta.102	SchemaParser.decodeUnknownExit (SchemaIssue)
Valibot	1.4.2	Pre-created safeParser
Zod	4.4.3	zod/v4 safeParse with jitless: true
TypeBox	1.3.7	Non-JIT Value.Errors

Effect main (0a532e503) and branch (c6edd1ebb) are paired five-process
medians. Competitor values use five processes, or nine for tagged unions.
Environment: Node v24.12.0, macOS arm64, Apple M3.

Successful parsing

Scenario	Effect main	Effect branch	Valibot	Zod 4 jitless	TypeBox Value.Errors
Object, 1 field	0.132 µs	0.0907 µs	0.0317 µs	0.0241 µs	1.22 µs
Object, 32 fields	1.86 µs	1.47 µs	1.18 µs	1.52 µs	17.19 µs
Array, 32 elements	0.820 µs	0.336 µs	0.299 µs	0.279 µs	14.39 µs
Record, 1 entry	0.340 µs	0.0864 µs	0.0362 µs	0.134 µs	1.33 µs
Record, 32 entries	5.39 µs	1.11 µs	1.01 µs	3.09 µs	15.02 µs
Literal union, 100 members	2.01 µs	0.0351 µs	6.86 µs	3.30 µs	42.10 µs
Tagged union, 100 members	0.473 µs	0.241 µs	10.27 µs	0.248 µs	244.21 µs
Non-empty string	0.0549 µs	0.0245 µs	0.0355 µs	0.0368 µs	0.654 µs
Native five-part template literal	2.01 µs	0.693 µs	—	0.0423 µs	—
Application-shaped schema	2.12 µs	0.786 µs	0.570 µs	0.824 µs	—

Failed parsing

Scenario	Effect main	Effect branch	Valibot	Zod 4 jitless	TypeBox Value.Errors
Object, 1 invalid field	1.46 µs	1.27 µs	0.0930 µs	7.05 µs	1.29 µs
Object 32, last field invalid	3.32 µs	2.52 µs	1.33 µs	9.08 µs	17.65 µs
Array 32, last element invalid	2.92 µs	2.49 µs	0.526 µs	7.27 µs	14.71 µs
Record 32, last entry invalid	5.31 µs	1.32 µs	1.22 µs	10.76 µs	15.20 µs
Literal union 100, invalid	1.95 µs	0.0783 µs	7.32 µs	80.42 µs	42.37 µs
Tagged union, selected member invalid	1.81 µs	1.50 µs	10.83 µs	7.49 µs	250.52 µs
Tagged union, unknown tag	0.142 µs	0.0841 µs	14.42 µs	17.98 µs	258.45 µs
Non-empty string, invalid	0.127 µs	0.0891 µs	0.0587 µs	6.61 µs	0.655 µs
Native five-part template literal, invalid number	1.33 µs	1.24 µs	—	7.50 µs	—

Cold paths

Scenario	Effect main	Effect branch	Valibot	Zod 4 jitless	TypeBox Value.Errors
Construct a 32-field object schema	12.11 µs	12.04 µs	11.17 µs	155.50 µs	8.05 µs
Construct and perform the first decode	16.10 µs	15.78 µs	11.78 µs	184.32 µs	25.80 µs
Construct a record and decode 32 entries	11.83 µs	5.63 µs	1.80 µs	16.19 µs	18.94 µs
Construct a 100-member literal union and decode	426.19 µs	416.45 µs	45.05 µs	399.00 µs	57.60 µs
Construct a 100-member tagged union and decode	1,035.03 µs	901.72 µs	121.06 µs	2,612.27 µs	325.59 µs

Additional Effect paths

Scenario	Effect main	Effect branch
Template literal, valid	1.69 µs	0.489 µs
Five-part template literal parser, valid	1.72 µs	0.598 µs
Five-part template literal parser, invalid	0.682 µs	0.597 µs
Template literal parser with backtracking, valid	0.980 µs	0.424 µs
Template literal parser with backtracking, invalid	0.844 µs	0.706 µs
Transformed and checked template literal parser, valid	1.45 µs	0.446 µs
Record with 32 template-literal keys, valid	66.25 µs	17.24 µs
Construct a five-part template literal	22.98 µs	10.88 µs
Construct and first-decode a five-part template literal	26.14 µs	25.74 µs
Object with optional properties absent, valid	0.221 µs	0.169 µs
Object with optional properties present, valid	0.408 µs	0.217 µs
Object with an invalid optional property	7.23 µs	6.73 µs

Cost of Effect adapters

Effect API on invalid input	Effect main	Effect branch
SchemaParser.decodeUnknownExit	1.88 µs	1.57 µs
Schema.decodeUnknownOption	1.34 µs	1.23 µs
Schema.is	1.35 µs	1.27 µs
Schema.decodeUnknownResult	6.24 µs	6.38 µs
Schema.decodeUnknownExit	7.97 µs	7.83 µs
Schema.decodeUnknownSync	7.47 µs	7.18 µs

[changeset-bot]

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: c6edd1e

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 28 packages

Name	Type
effect	Patch
@effect/opentelemetry	Patch
@effect/platform-browser	Patch
@effect/platform-bun	Patch
@effect/platform-node-shared	Patch
@effect/platform-node	Patch
@effect/vitest	Patch
@effect/ai-anthropic	Patch
@effect/ai-openai-compat	Patch
@effect/ai-openai	Patch
@effect/ai-openrouter	Patch
@effect/atom-react	Patch
@effect/atom-solid	Patch
@effect/atom-vue	Patch
@effect/sql-clickhouse	Patch
@effect/sql-d1	Patch
@effect/sql-libsql	Patch
@effect/sql-mssql	Patch
@effect/sql-mysql2	Patch
@effect/sql-pg	Patch
@effect/sql-pglite	Patch
@effect/sql-sqlite-bun	Patch
@effect/sql-sqlite-do	Patch
@effect/sql-sqlite-node	Patch
@effect/sql-sqlite-react-native	Patch
@effect/sql-sqlite-wasm	Patch
@effect/docgen	Patch
@effect/openapi-generator	Patch

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Bundle Size Analysis

File Name	Current Size	Previous Size	Difference
basic.ts	6.63 KB	6.63 KB	0.00 KB (0.00%)
batching.ts	9.43 KB	9.37 KB	+0.06 KB (+0.60%)
brand.ts	6.28 KB	6.26 KB	+0.02 KB (+0.34%)
cache.ts	10.12 KB	10.12 KB	0.00 KB (0.00%)
config.ts	19.79 KB	19.22 KB	+0.58 KB (+3.00%)
differ.ts	18.96 KB	18.42 KB	+0.54 KB (+2.93%)
http-client.ts	20.83 KB	20.76 KB	+0.07 KB (+0.35%)
logger.ts	10.28 KB	10.28 KB	0.00 KB (0.00%)
metric.ts	8.55 KB	8.55 KB	0.00 KB (0.00%)
optic.ts	7.43 KB	7.41 KB	+0.02 KB (+0.32%)
pubsub.ts	14.27 KB	14.20 KB	+0.07 KB (+0.46%)
queue.ts	11.09 KB	11.09 KB	0.00 KB (0.00%)
schedule.ts	10.27 KB	10.27 KB	0.00 KB (0.00%)
schema-class.ts	18.71 KB	18.16 KB	+0.55 KB (+3.01%)
schema-fromJsonSchemaDocument.ts	28.68 KB	28.02 KB	+0.66 KB (+2.36%)
schema-representation-roundtrip.ts	24.98 KB	24.34 KB	+0.65 KB (+2.65%)
schema-string-transformation.ts	12.95 KB	12.69 KB	+0.26 KB (+2.08%)
schema-string.ts	10.65 KB	10.35 KB	+0.30 KB (+2.87%)
schema-template-literal.ts	14.86 KB	14.49 KB	+0.37 KB (+2.56%)
schema-toArbitraryLazy.ts	21.53 KB	20.93 KB	+0.59 KB (+2.84%)
schema-toCodeDocument.ts	23.97 KB	23.38 KB	+0.59 KB (+2.52%)
schema-toCodecJson.ts	18.87 KB	18.32 KB	+0.55 KB (+3.02%)
schema-toEquivalence.ts	18.59 KB	18.00 KB	+0.58 KB (+3.24%)
schema-toFormatter.ts	18.45 KB	17.88 KB	+0.57 KB (+3.19%)
schema-toJsonSchemaDocument.ts	22.07 KB	21.52 KB	+0.55 KB (+2.56%)
schema-toRepresentation.ts	19.14 KB	18.56 KB	+0.58 KB (+3.13%)
schema.ts	18.00 KB	17.43 KB	+0.57 KB (+3.27%)
stm.ts	12.05 KB	12.05 KB	0.00 KB (0.00%)
stream.ts	9.37 KB	9.37 KB	0.00 KB (0.00%)