diff --git a/src/Type/Generic/GenericObjectType.php b/src/Type/Generic/GenericObjectType.php
index 7ee37d6d41..d3f729a1e5 100644
--- a/src/Type/Generic/GenericObjectType.php
+++ b/src/Type/Generic/GenericObjectType.php
@@ -296,9 +296,26 @@ public function inferTemplateTypes(Type $receivedType): TemplateTypeMap
 		$otherTypes = $ancestorClassReflection->typeMapToList($ancestorClassReflection->getActiveTemplateTypeMap());
 		$typeMap = TemplateTypeMap::createEmpty();
 
+		$classReflection = $this->getClassReflection();
+		$typeList = [];
+		if ($classReflection !== null) {
+			$typeList = $classReflection->typeMapToList($classReflection->getTemplateTypeMap());
+		}
+
 		foreach ($this->getTypes() as $i => $type) {
 			$other = $otherTypes[$i] ?? new ErrorType();
-			$typeMap = $typeMap->union($type->inferTemplateTypes($other));
+			$map = $type->inferTemplateTypes($other);
+
+			$effectiveVariance = $this->variances[$i] ?? TemplateTypeVariance::createInvariant();
+			if ($effectiveVariance->invariant() && isset($typeList[$i]) && $typeList[$i] instanceof TemplateType) {
+				$effectiveVariance = $typeList[$i]->getVariance();
+			}
+
+			if ($effectiveVariance->contravariant()) {
+				$map = $map->convertToLowerBoundTypes();
+			}
+
+			$typeMap = $typeMap->union($map);
 		}
 
 		return $typeMap;
diff --git a/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-12444.php b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-12444.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5f447e8d8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-12444.php
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types = 1);
+
+namespace Bug12444;
+
+use function PHPStan\Testing\assertType;
+
+/**
+ * @template-covariant T
+ */
+interface Covariant {}
+
+/**
+ * @template T of object
+ * @param class-string<T> $class
+ * @return Covariant<T>
+ */
+function covariant(string $class): Covariant
+{
+	throw new \Exception();
+}
+
+/**
+ * @template-contravariant T
+ */
+interface Contravariant {}
+
+/**
+ * @template T of object
+ * @param class-string<T> $class
+ * @return Contravariant<T>
+ */
+function contravariant(string $class): Contravariant
+{
+	throw new \Exception();
+}
+
+/**
+ * @template T
+ * @extends Covariant<T>
+ * @extends Contravariant<T>
+ */
+interface Invariant extends Covariant, Contravariant {}
+
+/**
+ * @template T of object
+ * @param class-string<T> $class
+ * @return Invariant<T>
+ */
+function invariant(string $class): Invariant
+{
+	throw new \Exception();
+}
+
+/**
+ * @template T
+ * @param T $value
+ * @param Covariant<T> ...$covariants
+ * @return T
+ */
+function testCovariant(mixed $value, Covariant ...$covariants): mixed
+{
+	return $value;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @template T
+ * @param T $value
+ * @param Contravariant<T> ...$contravariants
+ * @return T
+ */
+function testContravariant(mixed $value, Contravariant ...$contravariants): mixed
+{
+	return $value;
+}
+
+// Contravariant with direct Contravariant args
+$r3 = testContravariant(
+	new \RuntimeException(),
+	contravariant(\Throwable::class),
+	contravariant(\Exception::class),
+);
+assertType('RuntimeException', $r3);
+
+// Contravariant with Invariant args (extending Contravariant) - this is the reported bug
+$r4 = testContravariant(
+	new \RuntimeException(),
+	invariant(\Throwable::class),
+	invariant(\Exception::class),
+);
+assertType('RuntimeException', $r4);
diff --git a/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-12444b.php b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-12444b.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fef26bf5d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/PHPStan/Analyser/nsrt/bug-12444b.php
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types = 1);
+
+namespace Bug12444b;
+
+use function PHPStan\Testing\assertType;
+
+/**
+ * @template-contravariant T
+ */
+interface Contra {}
+
+/**
+ * @template T
+ * @extends Contra<T>
+ */
+interface Inv extends Contra {}
+
+/**
+ * @template T of object
+ * @param class-string<T> $class
+ * @return Contra<T>
+ */
+function contra(string $class): Contra
+{
+	throw new \Exception();
+}
+
+/**
+ * @template T of object
+ * @param class-string<T> $class
+ * @return Inv<T>
+ */
+function inv(string $class): Inv
+{
+	throw new \Exception();
+}
+
+// Non-variadic: two separate contravariant params
+/**
+ * @template T
+ * @param T $value
+ * @param Contra<T> $a
+ * @param Contra<T> $b
+ * @return T
+ */
+function testTwoParams(mixed $value, Contra $a, Contra $b): mixed
+{
+	return $value;
+}
+
+// Non-variadic with direct Contra
+$r1 = testTwoParams(
+	new \RuntimeException(),
+	contra(\Throwable::class),
+	contra(\Exception::class),
+);
+assertType('RuntimeException', $r1);
+
+// Non-variadic with Inv (extending Contra)
+$r2 = testTwoParams(
+	new \RuntimeException(),
+	inv(\Throwable::class),
+	inv(\Exception::class),
+);
+assertType('RuntimeException', $r2);
+
+// Mixed variance: function with both covariant and contravariant template params
+/**
+ * @template-covariant Out
+ * @template-contravariant In
+ */
+interface Func
+{
+}
+
+/**
+ * @template Out
+ * @template In
+ * @extends Func<Out, In>
+ */
+interface InvFunc extends Func {}
+
+/**
+ * @template T
+ * @param Func<T, T> $fn
+ * @param T $value
+ * @return T
+ */
+function applyFunc(Func $fn, mixed $value): mixed
+{
+	return $value;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param Func<\Exception, \Throwable> $fn
+ */
+function testMixedVariance(Func $fn): void
+{
+	$r = applyFunc($fn, new \RuntimeException());
+	assertType('Exception', $r);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param InvFunc<\Exception, \Throwable> $fn
+ */
+function testMixedVarianceWithInv(InvFunc $fn): void
+{
+	$r = applyFunc($fn, new \RuntimeException());
+	assertType('Exception', $r);
+}
+
+// Method on a class (vs function)
+class Container
+{
+	/**
+	 * @template T
+	 * @param T $value
+	 * @param Contra<T> ...$contras
+	 * @return T
+	 */
+	public function test(mixed $value, Contra ...$contras): mixed
+	{
+		return $value;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @template T
+	 * @param T $value
+	 * @param Contra<T> ...$contras
+	 * @return T
+	 */
+	public static function testStatic(mixed $value, Contra ...$contras): mixed
+	{
+		return $value;
+	}
+}
+
+function testMethod(): void
+{
+	$c = new Container();
+	// Method with Inv args
+	$r = $c->test(
+		new \RuntimeException(),
+		inv(\Throwable::class),
+		inv(\Exception::class),
+	);
+	assertType('RuntimeException', $r);
+
+	// Static method with Inv args
+	$r2 = Container::testStatic(
+		new \RuntimeException(),
+		inv(\Throwable::class),
+		inv(\Exception::class),
+	);
+	assertType('RuntimeException', $r2);
+}