diff --git a/doc/api/fs.md b/doc/api/fs.md
index 51e1a6f40b985a..e41b89b18f4e3e 100644
--- a/doc/api/fs.md
+++ b/doc/api/fs.md
@@ -1601,6 +1601,10 @@ makeDirectory().catch(console.error);
 <!-- YAML
 added: v10.0.0
 changes:
+  - version: REPLACEME
+    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/64397
+    description: The resulting path is now passed as a Buffer if the
+      provided prefix is a Buffer.
   - version:
     - v20.6.0
     - v18.19.0
@@ -1616,8 +1620,10 @@ changes:
 * `prefix` {string|Buffer|URL}
 * `options` {string|Object}
   * `encoding` {string} **Default:** `'utf8'`
-* Returns: {Promise}  Fulfills with a string containing the file system path
-  of the newly created temporary directory.
+* Returns: {Promise} Fulfills with a Promise resolving to the created
+  directory path. If `prefix` is a `Buffer`, then the resulting directory
+  path is returned as a `Buffer`. Otherwise, the path is returned as a
+  string using the specified encoding.
 
 Creates a unique temporary directory. A unique directory name is generated by
 appending six random characters to the end of the provided `prefix`. Due to
@@ -3882,6 +3888,10 @@ See the POSIX mkdir(2) documentation for more details.
 <!-- YAML
 added: v5.10.0
 changes:
+  - version: REPLACEME
+    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/64397
+    description: The resulting path is now passed as a Buffer if the
+      provided prefix is a Buffer.
   - version:
     - v20.6.0
     - v18.19.0
@@ -3915,7 +3925,7 @@ changes:
   * `encoding` {string} **Default:** `'utf8'`
 * `callback` {Function}
   * `err` {Error}
-  * `directory` {string}
+  * `directory` {string|Buffer}
 
 Creates a unique temporary directory.
 
@@ -3925,8 +3935,10 @@ inconsistencies, avoid trailing `X` characters in `prefix`. Some platforms,
 notably the BSDs, can return more than six random characters, and replace
 trailing `X` characters in `prefix` with random characters.
 
-The created directory path is passed as a string to the callback's second
-parameter.
+The created directory path is passed to the callback's second parameter. If
+`prefix` is a `Buffer`, then the resulting directory path is passed as a
+`Buffer`. Otherwise, the path is passed as a string using the specified
+encoding.
 
 The optional `options` argument can be a string specifying an encoding, or an
 object with an `encoding` property specifying the character encoding to use.
@@ -6397,7 +6409,9 @@ changes:
   * `encoding` {string} **Default:** `'utf8'`
 * Returns: {string}
 
-Returns the created directory path.
+Returns the created directory path. If `prefix` is a `Buffer`, then the
+resulting directory path is returned as a `Buffer`. Otherwise, the path
+is returned as a string using the specified encoding.
 
 For detailed information, see the documentation of the asynchronous version of
 this API: [`fs.mkdtemp()`][].
diff --git a/lib/fs.js b/lib/fs.js
index 1ea70ff192d6dd..fbc985a2678ddb 100644
--- a/lib/fs.js
+++ b/lib/fs.js
@@ -3571,7 +3571,9 @@ function mkdtemp(prefix, options, callback) {
   if (h !== null && vfsResult(h.mkdtemp(prefix, typeof options === 'function' ? undefined : options), callback)) return;
 
   options = getOptions(options);
-
+  if (BufferIsBuffer(prefix)) {
+    options = { ...options, encoding: 'buffer' };
+  }
   prefix = getValidatedPath(prefix, 'prefix');
   warnOnNonPortableTemplate(prefix);
 
@@ -3594,7 +3596,9 @@ function mkdtempSync(prefix, options) {
   }
 
   options = getOptions(options);
-
+  if (BufferIsBuffer(prefix)) {
+    options = { ...options, encoding: 'buffer' };
+  }
   prefix = getValidatedPath(prefix, 'prefix');
   warnOnNonPortableTemplate(prefix);
   return binding.mkdtemp(prefix, options.encoding);
@@ -3610,7 +3614,9 @@ function mkdtempSync(prefix, options) {
  */
 function mkdtempDisposableSync(prefix, options) {
   options = getOptions(options);
-
+  if (BufferIsBuffer(prefix)) {
+    options = { ...options, encoding: 'buffer' };
+  }
   prefix = getValidatedPath(prefix, 'prefix');
   warnOnNonPortableTemplate(prefix);
 
diff --git a/lib/internal/fs/promises.js b/lib/internal/fs/promises.js
index 3e336024a15a3c..2208864556c8aa 100644
--- a/lib/internal/fs/promises.js
+++ b/lib/internal/fs/promises.js
@@ -2024,9 +2024,10 @@ async function mkdtemp(prefix, options) {
     const promise = h.mkdtemp(prefix, options);
     if (promise !== undefined) return await promise;
   }
-
   options = getOptions(options);
-
+  if (BufferIsBuffer(prefix)) {
+    options = { ...options, encoding: 'buffer' };
+  }
   prefix = getValidatedPath(prefix, 'prefix');
   warnOnNonPortableTemplate(prefix);
 
@@ -2039,7 +2040,9 @@ async function mkdtemp(prefix, options) {
 
 async function mkdtempDisposable(prefix, options) {
   options = getOptions(options);
-
+  if (BufferIsBuffer(prefix)) {
+    options = { ...options, encoding: 'buffer' };
+  }
   prefix = getValidatedPath(prefix, 'prefix');
   warnOnNonPortableTemplate(prefix);
 
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-fs-mkdtemp-buffer.js b/test/parallel/test-fs-mkdtemp-buffer.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4403db03570a9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-fs-mkdtemp-buffer.js
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+'use strict';
+const common = require('../common');
+const assert = require('assert');
+const fs = require('fs');
+const path = require('path');
+
+const tmpdir = require('../common/tmpdir');
+tmpdir.refresh();
+
+const prefixString = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'buffer-');
+const prefixBuffer = Buffer.from(prefixString);
+
+// 1. Test Sync API
+const resultSync = fs.mkdtempSync(prefixBuffer);
+assert.strictEqual(Buffer.isBuffer(resultSync), true);
+
+// 2. Test Callback API
+fs.mkdtemp(prefixBuffer, common.mustSucceed((resultCb) => {
+  assert.strictEqual(Buffer.isBuffer(resultCb), true);
+}));
+
+// 3. Test Promises API
+fs.promises.mkdtemp(prefixBuffer)
+  .then(common.mustCall((resultPromise) => {
+    assert.strictEqual(Buffer.isBuffer(resultPromise), true);
+  }));
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-fs-mkdtemp.js b/test/parallel/test-fs-mkdtemp.js
index e93809d5b44546..3c2323440e0803 100644
--- a/test/parallel/test-fs-mkdtemp.js
+++ b/test/parallel/test-fs-mkdtemp.js
@@ -64,14 +64,13 @@ function handler(err, folder) {
 {
   const tmpFolder = fs.mkdtempSync(Buffer.from(tmpdir.resolve('foo.')));
 
-  assert.strictEqual(path.basename(tmpFolder).length, 'foo.XXXXXX'.length);
+  assert.strictEqual(path.basename(tmpFolder.toString()).length, 'foo.XXXXXX'.length);
   assert(fs.existsSync(tmpFolder));
 
   const utf8 = fs.mkdtempSync(Buffer.from(tmpdir.resolve('\u0222abc.')));
-  assert.strictEqual(Buffer.byteLength(path.basename(utf8)),
+  assert.strictEqual(Buffer.byteLength(path.basename(utf8.toString())),
                      Buffer.byteLength('\u0222abc.XXXXXX'));
   assert(fs.existsSync(utf8));
-
   fs.mkdtemp(Buffer.from(tmpdir.resolve('bar.')), common.mustCall(handler));
 
   // Same test as above, but making sure that passing an options object doesn't