diff --git a/backend/app/core/base_model.py b/backend/app/core/base_model.py
index 339494b4c..7bfc18bb5 100644
--- a/backend/app/core/base_model.py
+++ b/backend/app/core/base_model.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from datetime import UTC, datetime
 
-from sqlalchemy import Boolean, DateTime, ForeignKey, Index, Integer, MetaData, String
+from sqlalchemy import Boolean, DateTime, Index, Integer, MetaData, String
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncAttrs
 from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, declared_attr, mapped_column, relationship
 
@@ -132,7 +132,6 @@ class UserMixin(MappedBase):
 
     created_id: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(
         Integer,
-        ForeignKey("sys_user.id", ondelete="SET NULL", onupdate="CASCADE"),
         default=None,
         nullable=True,
         index=True,
@@ -140,7 +139,6 @@ class UserMixin(MappedBase):
     )
     updated_id: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(
         Integer,
-        ForeignKey("sys_user.id", ondelete="SET NULL", onupdate="CASCADE"),
         default=None,
         nullable=True,
         index=True,
@@ -149,7 +147,6 @@ class UserMixin(MappedBase):
 
     deleted_id: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(
         Integer,
-        ForeignKey("sys_user.id", ondelete="SET NULL", onupdate="CASCADE"),
         default=None,
         nullable=True,
         index=True,
@@ -161,7 +158,7 @@ def created_by(self):
         """创建人关联关系"""
         return relationship(
             "UserModel",
-            foreign_keys=lambda: self.created_id,  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+            primaryjoin=f"foreign({self.__name__}.created_id) == remote(UserModel.id)",
             uselist=False,
         )
 
@@ -170,7 +167,7 @@ def updated_by(self):
         """更新人关联关系"""
         return relationship(
             "UserModel",
-            foreign_keys=lambda: self.updated_id,  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+            primaryjoin=f"foreign({self.__name__}.updated_id) == remote(UserModel.id)",
             uselist=False,
         )
 
@@ -179,6 +176,6 @@ def deleted_by(self):
         """删除人关联关系"""
         return relationship(
             "UserModel",
-            foreign_keys=lambda: self.deleted_id,  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+            primaryjoin=f"foreign({self.__name__}.deleted_id) == remote(UserModel.id)",
             uselist=False,
         )
diff --git a/backend/app/modules/system/user/model.py b/backend/app/modules/system/user/model.py
index 4d3a7c6a2..7f94679f0 100644
--- a/backend/app/modules/system/user/model.py
+++ b/backend/app/modules/system/user/model.py
@@ -81,10 +81,25 @@ class UserModel(ModelMixin, UserMixin):
     status: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(Integer, default=0, nullable=False, comment="状态(0:启动 1:停用)")
     description: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(Text, default=None, nullable=True, comment="备注")
 
-    dept_id: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(Integer, ForeignKey("sys_dept.id", ondelete="SET NULL", onupdate="CASCADE", use_alter=True), nullable=True, index=True, comment="部门ID")
+    dept_id: Mapped[int | None] = mapped_column(Integer, ForeignKey("sys_dept.id", ondelete="SET NULL", onupdate="CASCADE"), nullable=True, index=True, comment="部门ID")
     dept: Mapped["DeptModel | None"] = relationship(back_populates="users", foreign_keys=[dept_id])
     roles: Mapped[list["RoleModel"]] = relationship(secondary="sys_user_roles", back_populates="users")
     positions: Mapped[list["PositionModel"]] = relationship(secondary="sys_user_positions", back_populates="users")
-    created_by: Mapped["UserModel | None"] = relationship("UserModel", foreign_keys="UserModel.created_id", remote_side="UserModel.id", uselist=False, viewonly=True)
-    updated_by: Mapped["UserModel | None"] = relationship("UserModel", foreign_keys="UserModel.updated_id", remote_side="UserModel.id", uselist=False, viewonly=True)
-    deleted_by: Mapped["UserModel | None"] = relationship("UserModel", foreign_keys="UserModel.deleted_id", remote_side="UserModel.id", uselist=False, viewonly=True)
+    created_by: Mapped["UserModel | None"] = relationship(
+        "UserModel",
+        primaryjoin="foreign(UserModel.created_id) == remote(UserModel.id)",
+        uselist=False,
+        viewonly=True,
+    )
+    updated_by: Mapped["UserModel | None"] = relationship(
+        "UserModel",
+        primaryjoin="foreign(UserModel.updated_id) == remote(UserModel.id)",
+        uselist=False,
+        viewonly=True,
+    )
+    deleted_by: Mapped["UserModel | None"] = relationship(
+        "UserModel",
+        primaryjoin="foreign(UserModel.deleted_id) == remote(UserModel.id)",
+        uselist=False,
+        viewonly=True,
+    )